常考词的语法与用法：belong & benefit & besides & blame
◆belong v.
1. 表示“属于”，通常与介词 to 连用。如： The bike belongs to me. 这辆自行车是我的。 Who(m) does this belong to? 这是谁的? 注：这样用的 belong to 没有进行时态；也没有被动语态。如： 误：The bike is belonging to me.
误：The bike is belonged to me.
2. 表示适合在某处或放在某处，其后可根据情况选用不同的介词(如 in, on, under 等)或接副词。如： Where does this belong? 它应放在哪儿呢? The book belongs on that shelf. 这本书应放在那个架子上。 This chair belongs in the living room. 这把椅子应放在起居室里。 有时与介词 with 连用表示“与……在一起”。如： A child belongs with its mother. 小孩应与母亲在一起。 注：以上用法中的 belong 也不用于进行时或被动式。 ◆benefit v. & n.
1. 表示“对……有益”、“使……受益”，是及物动词，其后可直接跟宾语；表示“受益于”，是不及物动词，其后通常接介词 by 或from。如： His work didn’ he got no money for it. 他的工作没使他受益，因为他分文未得。 We all benefited from her success. 我们大家都得益于她的成功。 2. 用作名词，注意以下各句与动词和介词搭配： Did you get much benefit from this? 你从中受益不少吧? He had the benefit of a good education. 他得益于良好的教育。 This will be of great benefit to us all. 这将对我们所有的人大有益处。 ◆besides prep. & adv.
1. 用作介词，表示累加，即“除……外，还有……”。如： Besides advice, he gave her some money. 除了给她建议外，他还给了她一些钱。 Did he do anything besides kissing you? 他除了吻你之外，还有什么其它的举动?
注：在否定句中，besides 也表示“除……之外不再有……”，与except 同义。如： No one passed the exam besides [except] Jim. 除吉姆外，没一个人通过考试。 2. 用作副词，其意为“此外”、“而且”，可用于分句句首(通常用逗号隔开)或句尾。如： I don’ besides, it’s too expensive. 我不喜欢这连衣裙，而且价钱也太贵。 Peter is our youngest child, and we have three others besides. 彼昨是我们最小的孩子，我们另外还有三个孩子。 ◆blame n. & v.
1. 用作名词，通常是不可数名词，注意以下它与不同动词和介词搭配: He put [laid, cast, charged] all the blame on me. 他把一切都归咎于我。 We were ready to take [bear, accept, get] the blame for what had happened. 我们准备对所发生的事负责。 2. 用作动词，通常为及物动词，注意以下常用句型： She blamed me for the failure. /She blamed the failure on me. 她把失败归咎于我。 注：虽为及物动词(可以带宾语)，但在表示被动意义时，它通常用主动形式。如： Which driver was to blame for the accident? 这事是哪位司机的责任? (一般不说……to be blamed for the accident)
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英语语法网QQ群1：英语语法网QQ群2：新耀英语官网：让英语学习回归本质！四、形容词和副词I. 形容词1.形容词的位置：形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况下后置1修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时nobody absent, everything possible2以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后the best book available, the only solution possible3alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等作定语时后置the only person awake4和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long5成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6形容词短语一般后置a man difficult to get on with7enough修饰名词时可以前置也可以后置，但修饰形容词或副词时要后置______to take his adventure course will certainly learn alot of useful skills.(NMET2000)A.Brave enough students&&&&&&B.Enough breave students&C.Students brave enough&&&&&&&D.Students enough brave注意：多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序熟记口诀就可以顺利解题：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠。规则：限定语（The、A） 描绘性形容词 size（小） shape（形状） age（年龄、时间） color（颜色） origin（国籍、来源） material（材料） purpose（目的） 名词。▲This ________ girl is Linda’s cousin. (05北京卷)A. pretty little Spanish&&&B. Spanish little pretty&&&C. Spanish pretty little &&D. little pretty Spanish2.复合形容词的构成1形容词 名词 edkind-hearted6名词 形容词world-famous2形容词 形容词dark-blue7名词 现在分词peace-loving3形容词 现在分词ordinary-looking8名词 过去分词snow-covered4副词 现在分词hard-working9数词 名词 edthree-egged5副词 过去分词newly-built10数词 名词twenty-year3.形容词（短语）作伴随状语As he looked at the goat, it rolled over,&dead.&当他看着山羊的时候，山羊翻了个身，死了。Afraid of difficulties, they prefer to take the easy road.由于害怕困难，他们宁愿走好走的路。II.副词的分类：1时间副词soon, now, early, finally, once, recently5频度副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never2地点副词here, nearby, outside, upwards, above6疑问副词how, where, when, why3方式副词hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really7连接副词how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile4程度副词almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather8关系副词when, where, whyIII. 形容词和副词的比较等级形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。项&&&目例&&句同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…She is as tall as her mother.I am not as/ so good a player as you are.双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级&（ than）”的结构表示。要注意题干中将比较的另一方阴藏起来的情况。This picture is more beautiful than that one.I have never seen such a more interesting film (than this one).表示一方不及另一方时，用“less &原级& than”的结构表示This room is less beautiful than that one.表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型The harder you work, the more progress you will make用比较级来表达最高级的意思I have never spent a more worrying day.我从来没有度过这样令人烦恼的一天。（意为：我度过了最为令人烦恼的一天。）倍数的表达表达法一：A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B.The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old one.这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大（高）/这座新楼比那座旧楼大（高）三倍。表达法二：A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B.Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大/亚洲比欧洲大三倍。表达法三：A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B.Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.注意：1.&可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal；2.&表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect，superior,junior等。五、动词和短语动词知识网络动词的分类行为动词（实义动词）①及物动词（带宾语）：study,②不及物动词（不带宾语）work, swim, go, come③状态动词（相对静止）contain, exist, own, prefer, belong④动作动词：延续性（work, stay）；非延续性（marry, go, come）连系动词（汉语中没有这种词类）助动词（与动词原形或分词构成复合谓语）be(am,is,are),do(does,did);have(has);will,would,shall情态动词can(could),may(might),must,shall(should)短语动词常见的构成方式及其注意点&动词 副词所构成的短语动词分及物的和不及物的两类Please turn every light in the house off. 请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。（及物）Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left.晚会后，人们都已离去，哈里出现了。（不及物）注意：①如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开She turned off all the lights which had been left on. 她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。②如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间She gave them away.她送掉了它们。③同一动词和不同副词搭配时，意义上有很大的差异ring back回电话&&&&&ring off挂断电话&&&&&ring up打电话put away放好&&&&&&&put on穿，上演&&&&&&put up挂起，举起。④不同动词和同一副词搭配时，在意义上有很大的差异break out发生，爆炸&&&&&&&carry out进行，开展&&&&&&&&go out熄灭hand out分发&&&&&&&&&&&&&&let out放出&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&look out当心sell out卖完&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&set out出发, &&&&&&&&&&&&&&take out取出work out算出&&动词 介词(及物)I'm looking for my glasses. 我在找我的眼镜。注意：①当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。②同一动词和不同介词搭配时，意义上有很大的差异。look after照料，look at看，look for寻找动词 副词 介词I look forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望不久就见到你。注：“动词 介词”、“动词 名词 副词”、“动词 副词 介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after) 这样一来，粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。考点聚焦及解题点拨(单个动词)同义词近义词辨析从三个方面考虑：词的恰切含义、搭配（与介词、名词或非谓语动词的搭配）和用法（是及物动词还是不及物动词）系动词的用法状态系动词be持续系动词keep,remain,stay,continue,lie,stand,rest表象系动词seem,appear感官/感觉系动词look,smell,taste,sound,feel变化系动词become,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come终止系动词prove,turn out解答这类试题的关键首先是弄清题意，然后是分析句子结构，由此可判断出该动词是否用作系动词，最后确定所要填入的答案。特别关注：go hungry,come true,turn writer接双宾语的动词give sb. sth=give sth.to sb&&&&&&&&&&&&&buy sb. sth.=buy sth. for sb但是我们只能说：suggest sth. to sb.&&&&explain sth.to sb.&&&&&&read sth. to sb.短语动词的辨析熟记常考的短语动词的意义容易被我们忽视的知识点sell, write, wash, wear等词的主动形式后跟副词表示被动意义happen, occur,take place, break out, come out, belong to等无被动形式&六、动词的时态和语态1. 常用常考的动词时态和用法：（以do为例）名称构成用法一般现在时do/does,( 连系动词is/am/are )1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等。2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。I’ll go there after I finish my work.If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there.3.在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。There goes the bell.铃响了。There comes the bus.汽车来了。Here she comes.她来了。一般过去时did,( 连系动词was/were)表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。现在进行时is/am/are doing1.表示正在进行的动作。2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。He is working as a teacher tomorrow.从明天起他要做老师。My father is coming to see me this Saturday.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。3.代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.长江江水滚滚向东流。The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。过去进行时was/were doing1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行They were still working when I left.3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生I was writing while he was watching TV.4.表示过去将来动作He said she was arriving the next day.现在完成时has/have done1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，说话时已完成的动作。I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room.2.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段时间状语连用。He has learned English for six years.They have worked here since they left college.3.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has gone to”。—Where is Li Hua?－He has gone to the reading-room.—She knows a lot about Shanghai.－She has been there.4.短暂动词（即瞬间动词），join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。不能说：He has joined the army for three years.要翻译“他已参军已经三年了。”可采用①“ago法”He joined the army three years ago.②“延续法”He has been in the army for three years.③“since法”It is/has been three years since he joined the army.过去完成时had done1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。He had shut the door before the dog came up.Everything had been all right up till this morning.2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。We had expected that you would be able to win the match.将来完成时will/shall have done用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.现在完成进行时has/have been doing用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（还要继续下去）的动作。He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.过去完成进行时had been doing表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，还将继续下去。一般将来时will/shall dois/am/are going to dois/am/are（about）to do一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况（详见下面2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较）过去将来时would/should dowas/were going to dowas/were（about）to do1.相对于过去某一时刻而言即将发生的动作或存在的状态He told me he would go to Beijing.他告诉我他将去北京。I was told that he was going to return home.有人告诉我他准备回家。2. would do(表示过去的习惯)总是,总会,常常He would sit silent for hours.他常常接连好几个小时默默地坐着。2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较将来时用&&&法例&&&句1be doing 进行时表将来go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe?2be about to 动词原形表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.3be to 动词原形表示按计划进行或征求对方意见We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.4一般现在时表将来时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来The meeting starts at five o’clock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.3.容易混淆的时态比较项&&&目区&&&别例&&&句一般过去时与现在完成时的比较现在完成时强调过去动作对现在产生的影响或造成的结果We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her?A. was happening&&&&B. happens&&&&&&C. has happened&&&&D. happened说明：说话者强调Jane 目前的状况.Mr. Lee, who ________ as a carpenter for over 10 years, is now a very famous statesman in this country.A. has worked&&&&&&&B. had worked&&&&&&&&&&&&&&C. worked&&&&&&&&&&&&&D. works(只说明他过去当过木匠不涉及到现在)一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here?A. don’ were you&&&&&&&&&&&&B. hadn’ are youC. haven’ are&&&&&&&&&&&&&&D. didn’ have you been说明：didn’t know 强调见面前不知道I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较着重表示动作的结果时，用现在完成时I have read that book.我读过那本书了。（知道那本书的内容）着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则用现在完成进行时—Hi, Tracy, you look tired.&&&—I am tired. I _______ the living room all day.A. painted&&&&&&&&&&&&&&B. had painted&&&C. have been painting&&&&&D. have painted说明：强调动作从过去到现在的延续现在进行时与过去进行时的比较现在进行时表示现在某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______.A. comes&&&&&&&&&&&&&B.
will comeC. comes&&&&&&&D. has come说明：指目前一段时间正在发生的动作, until 引导的是时间状语从句,动词需用一般现在时。过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作— Hey, look where you are going!&&— Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______.&A. I’m not noticing.&&&B. I wasn’t noticing.&C. I haven’t noticed. &&D. I don’t notice.说明：对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在做的事情.一般过去时与过去进行时的比较一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态Tom________ into the house when no one ___________.A. was noticing&&B. noticed&C. had noticed&&&D. noticed说明：slip和notice 为同时发生的动作，因此B、C为错误选项，slipped指过去有结果的动作（他溜进去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情况（没有人注意）。过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作.He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it.A. has finished&&&&&&&&&&&&B. has finishedC. had finished&&&&&&&D. will finish说明：正确选项为B. 从I don’t know if he has finished it.推断，他去年一直在写。II. 动词的被动语态常用被动语态构&&&成常用被动语态构&&&成1一般现在时am/is/are done6过去进行时was/were being done2一般过去时was/were done7现在完成时have/has been done3一般将来时shall/will be done8过去完成时had been done4过去将来时should/would be done9将来完成时will/would have been done5现在进行时am/is/are being done10含有情态动词的can/must/may be done注&意&事&项被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to,used to,have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。Trees should not be planted in summer.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示：It is believed that…&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&It is generally considered that…&&&&&&&&&&It is said that…&&&It is well known that…&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&It must be pointed out that…&&&&&&&&&&&&&It is supposed that…&It is reported that…&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&It must be admitted that…&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&It is hoped that…被动语态的句型1.常见句式是：主语（受动者）＋be＋过去分词＋（by＋施动者）：He was scolded by the English teacher.2.主语＋get＋过去分词＋其它成分：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.使用这种结构不能带有“by＋施动者”3.带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。She lent me a bike.?被动：①I was lent a bike(by her). ②A bike was lent to me(by her).4.情态动词＋be＋过去分词：This problem must be worked out in half an hour.5.双重被动式：主语＋被动式谓语＋不定式的被动式＋其它成分These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.The murderer was ordered to be shot.下面主动形式常表示被动意义1.不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。&&&&&&&&&&&&&These books sell well.这些书好卖。The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。&&&Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。2.一些连系动词的主动式＋形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。The apples taste good.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&The flower smells wonderful.The news proved/turned out true.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&Cotton feels soft.不可变为被动语态的几种情况1.I teach myself French.不可变为Myself is taught French.因为反身代词不可作主语。2.We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.因为相互代词不可作主语。3.He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him.因为象lose heart,make a face,keep silence,lose in thought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式。4.She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her.因为象take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。含有短语动词在被动语态中介词不能丢Much attention must be paid&to&your handwriting.特别注意以下句子的结构：Every minute must be made full use of&to study Englsih.下面词或短语没有被动态：leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等
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